Summary
The available literature shows that the WASH sector in Puntland, Somalia, faces complex challenges exacerbated by climate change, including prolonged droughts, erratic rainfall, flooding, and saltwater intrusion, which severely impact water sources.
The available literature shows that the WASH sector in Puntland, Somalia, faces complex challenges exacerbated by climate change, including prolonged droughts, erratic rainfall, flooding, and saltwater intrusion, which severely impact water sources.
These pressures are intensified by displacement and migration driven by conflict and disasters, particularly affecting IDPs in overcrowded settlements with limited access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, raising the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera.
Weak governance, inadequate funding, and limited technical capacity further constrain the maintenance and expansion of services, especially in remote areas. Sustainability is therefore critical, requiring reliable, affordable, climate-resilient, and locally managed systems.
These pressures are intensified by displacement and migration driven by conflict and disasters, particularly affecting IDPs in overcrowded settlements with limited access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, raising the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera.
Weak governance, inadequate funding, and limited technical capacity further constrain the maintenance and expansion of services, especially in remote areas. Sustainability is therefore critical, requiring reliable, affordable, climate-resilient, and locally managed systems.