This chapter provides population and demographic statistical information background presented in the booklet. It contains information on how men and women in Puntland are distribut- ed in various age groups, regions, and types of residence. The chapter also contains information about sex ratio and pyramid Population distribution as well as information about govern- ment-issued ID ownership by sex. Population and demographic variables are a fundamental part of the statistical analysis of gender outcomes. The distribution of these variables is influenced by biological, socio-economic and cultural factors. Data from Integrated Household Budget Surveys in 2022 shows that the Puntland population sex ratio was 47.6% male and 52.4% female (SIHBS 2022 report). Figure 1 presents the population pyramid reveals a youthful population structure for Puntland, as there is an inverse relationship between age and population size for both males and females. The largest population age group is 5-9 years, constituting 18.9 percent, while youth aged between 15-29 years is 24.2 percent of the population. The young dependent population aged below 15 years represents 53.0 percent, indicating that half of the Puntland population was born in 2007 and after. Additionally, the age pyramid narrows above age 64. Figure 2 represents the sex ratio, which is the proportion of males to females, typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females. A value below 100 indicates that females outnumber males, and vice versa. The sex ratio for the total population across age categories is 86.6, derived from dividing the male percentage of the overall population (47.6%) by the corresponding female percentage (52.4%). Figure 2.4 illustrates the varia- tions in gender composition by age.